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Prompt

Here is the lesson text The Properties of Matter Matter has properties. Properties (or characteristics) refer to something that is observable. This means that you will need the use of your senses to tell or describe the properties of matter. For instance, look at this book, how will you describe its properties? You may describe it based on its weight, color, and thickness. How will you describe the properties of an apple? What about a piece of chalk? The properties of matter can be classified as general and special properties. The general properties of matter are characteristics present in all states of matter whether they be solid, liquid, or gas. On the other hand, the special properties pertain to those characteristics unique only in a certain form or state of matter. General Properties of Matter Like in Figure 2.4, when you look at the packaging or labels of the goods you bought from the grocery, more often than not, measurements like 1 kg or 500 mL are indicated. These values are the measurements of the items you have bought. Measurement refers to finding the size or amount of a material or an object. Getting the right measurements requires the use of the appropriate equipment and tools you have learned about in Unit I. Notice also that unit symbols such as m (meters), g (grams), L (liters), or °C (degrees Celsius) are called the units of measurement. Units are used to express the measurement of an object based on what is being measured. The general properties of matter which include mass, volume, density, and temperature are in fact measurements that describe the properties of matter. Let us study them one by one. 1. Mass Mass is the amount of matter present in an object. Despite the differences, solids, liquids, and gases all have mass. The mass of solid objects can be easily measured using instruments like a platform balance or a weighing scale. On the other hand, identifying the mass of liquids requires a three-step process with the use of a weighing scale (or any weighing device): 1. getting the mass of an empty container (that Low Fat SWEFTENED Figure 2.4. An example of a typical food packaging with measurements Figure 2.5. Increasing the volume of the balloon with every breath 53 CS CamScannerwill hold the liquid), 2. getting the mass of both the liquid and container (or while the liquid is in the container), and 3. subtracting the mass of the empty container from the mass of the container while it is holding the liquid. Lastly, due to their highly diffused and compressible nature, the mass of gases can be obtained through a series of complex measurements and calculations that you will learn in high school sciences. Mass is often expressed in grams (g), milligrams (mg), and/ or kilograms (kg). An object's mass is the same no matter where it is placed. This is unlike weight, which depends on the object's location. For instance, a ball's mass is the same on Earth and on the moon, but its weight on Earth is different than that on the moon. This is because the ball's mass is affected by the gravitational force exerted by Earth/moon. Gravitational force is different on the Earth and moon, Thus, weight is the mass of an object relative to a place's gravitational force or gravity. The unit of weight is N (Newton) or (kg m/s²). How is mass or weight related to the Investigate activity you have performed? 2. Volume As mentioned previously, volume is the amount of space occupied by matter. It is easy to determine how much space solid and liquid objects take up. On the other hand, in the case of a gases, the volume is dependent on the volume of the container. The child in Figure 2.5 on the previous page increases the volume of the balloon as he blows air into it. Therefore, the volume of gas inside the balloon is equal to the volume of the balloon. Measuring tools like a graduated cylinder, beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, burette, etc. allow the measurement of volume in liquids. On the other hand, methods to get the volume of solids vary. For some regular solids or solids with definite and equal faces, like the rectangular solid shown in Figure 2.6, the volume can be measured by multiplying the values of the length, width, and height. Equation used in getting the volume of a rectangular solid: Volume (V) = length (/) x width (w) × height (h) H L W Figure 2.6. A diagram of a rectangular solid 54 CS CamScannerExample: What is the volume of a rectangular box if its length is 15 cm, height is 9 cm, and width is 25 cm? Given: l = 15 cm, h = 9 cm, w = 25 cm Find: V Solution: V = l × w × h V = (15 cm) (25 cm) (9 cm) V = 3,375 cm³ Another kind of regular solid is a cube (a regular solid that has the same length on all sides). As shown in Figure 2.7, the volume of a cube can be obtained by multiplying the value of its length by itself three times. Equation used in getting the volume of a cube: Volume (V) = side (s)³ S S S Figure 2.7. A diagram of a cube Example: What is the volume of a cube if its side measures 4 cm? Given: s = 4 cm Find: V Solution: V = s³ V = (4 cm) (4 cm) (4 cm) V = 64 cm³ The volume of other regular-shaped solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and spheres can also be obtained but, they involve different equations that you will learn in higher grade levels. Lastly, the water displacement method is used in measuring the volume of irregular solids or solids with no definite and unequal sides. For instance, to measure the volume of a piece of rock whose sides are not equal, the rock needs to be placed in a graduated cylinder containing water with a known measured volume. Any change resulting from the addition of the piece of rock into the 55 CS CamScannergraduated cylinder is equal to the volume of the rock. This can be obtained by identifying the difference (through subtraction) in the new volume of water from the original. Volume can be expressed in cubic centimeter ($cm^3$), milliliter (mL), or liter (L) units. 3. Density Density (symbolized by the Greek symbol "Rho" or r) measures the amount of matter (mass) present in a given volume of a substance. Density is the same for all similar substances. Thus, even if the mass and volume of two pieces of a similar type of wood are different, their densities would remain the same. Density is therefore a constant value derived from the mass of a substance per unit volume. mass (m) Density (x)= volume (V) Density may be expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or $g/cm^3$. Example: 1. Find the density of a small cork block having a mass of 400 g and a volume of 10 $cm^3$. Given: m = 400 g, V = 10 $cm^3$ Find: p Solution: m r= V 400 g 10 $cm^3$ = 40 $g/cm^3$ ? Q and A You have a solid object with a mass of 150 g and a volume of 100 $cm^3$. Determine the density of the object. Given that the density of water is 1.00 $g/cm^3$, will this object float or sink when dropped in a container Sk containing water?ml is diw The floating or sinking of an object in a liquid depends on the densities of both the object and the liquid. Substances with lower densities tend to float on substances with higher densities. Go back to the Investigate activity. Which between the paper boat and aluminum foil boat has the higher density or lower density? Why do you say so? 4. Temperature You have probably heard people talk about hot days during the summer season or perhaps slurping a cold ice cream—they are talking about temperature! 56 CS CamScannerTemperature is a way of measuring how hot or cold something is. We use temperature to describe how matter feels when we touch it. The units used in describing temperature vary depending on the region or system of measurement being used. The two most common units for measuring temperature are degrees Celsius (°C) and degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Thus, it is important to note that the value in Celsius is not directly equivalent to that in Fahrenheit. For instance, as shown in Figure 2.8, the boiling point of water in degrees Celsius is 10,6 100° F 229 109 219 200 150 179 160 150 149 130 129 ייייייייייייייייייייייין 8828828282 0 20 30 Celcius 0° 100 70 60 88088201020 29 adamomment Fahrenheit 212° Boiling point of water Maniommen 32° Freezing point bun of water Figure 2.8. Celsius and Fahrenheit mercury thermometers written or measured as 100°C, while in Fahrenheit it is 212°F. Notice also how these measurements are written: The proper way of expressing temperature measurements begins with the specific value (or figure) followed by the degree symbol (°) and unit symbol (either C or F). As such, these measurements are read "one hundred degrees Celsius" or "two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit," respectively. Figure 2.9. Left: infrared thermometer, upper right: mercury thermometer, and lower right: digital "stick" thermometer 57 CS CamScannerSpecial Properties of Matter The special properties of matter pertain to the unique properties of a phase or a form of matter. Table 2.1 summarizes the special properties of solids. Special Properties of Solids Table 2.1. The Special Properties of Solids Property Description Example Refers to the property of solids that expresses the total volume of empty or pore spaces in the material. Usually, these spaces can hold liquids Porosity Sponge Ductility Refers to the property of solids to be deformed into thin wires without breaking Copper Wire Brittleness Refers to the property of solids that fractures when subjected to stress, but has little tendency to deform before rupture Broken Glass Elasticity Refers to the property of solids to regain their original shape and size after the deforming force is removed Rubber Band 59 CS CamScannerProperty Description Example Malleability Refers to the property of solids to be hammered into sheets without breaking Forging of a Metal Flexibility Refers to the property of solids to be bent without breaking Rubber Tubing Luster Refers to the property of solids to reflect light Rock Sample Magnetism Refers to the property of solids to attract or repel materials due to differences of charges Magnet Electrical Refers to the property of solids that Conduction allows (conducts) electricity to flow Electric Wires Thermal Conduction Refers to the property of solids to transfer (conduct) heat 60 Metal Conductor CS CamScannerSpecial Properties of Liquids Liquids have special properties like fluidity, viscosity, capillarity, and surface tension. Fluidity is a property that determines how easily liquids flow, while viscosity is the property of liquids that describes their resistance to flowing. The jars shown in Figure 2.10 on the right contain two liquids of different fluidity and viscosity. Suppose you turn the jars upside down at the same time and then turn them right-side up, what do you think will happen to the contents of each jar? Since viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flowing, then, liquids that flow slowly have higher viscosity, while liquids that flow quickly have lower viscosity. Figure 2.10. The jars contain olive oil and honey, respectively. Turning them upside down, then right-side up will give you an idea of which liquid has a greater viscosity Some liquids like water, oil, and alcohol can also flow in small, fine tubes as they counter the pull of gravity. This property is called capillarity, as shown in the left image in Figure 2.11. The attraction that sticks liquid particles together to form a thin layer at the surface is responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension. It is formed when molecules of water stick together to form a thin elastic membrane or "film" on the surface of the water. This is the reason why a water strider (shown on the right image of Figure 2.11) can somehow stand on water. Capillarity Surface tension Figure 2.11. Left: An image of the process of capillarity as exhibited by some liquids like water. Right: A water strider standing on the surface of the water exhibiting surface tension Special Properties of Gases Gases have no definite shape and volume. They can spread out in whatever space is available or fill the space of the container. Gas molecules are widely dispersed, and they have the ability to spread out faster to occupy the space they are in. This property 61 CS CamScannerof gases is called diffusibility. Spraying your favorite perfume shows that air spreads or diffuses, carrying with it the particles of perfume. Although the three states of matter can exhibit compressibility, it is interesting to note that among them, it is the gases that can be easily compressed because the distance between their particles is wide and apart. Compressibility refers to how the volume of gases decreases when external pressure is applied. For instance, as illustrated in Figure 2.12 (right), when pressure is applied by slowly pushing the plunger into the tank, the gas particles become compressed. This results in a decrease in the volume of the gases, and thus, these gases exhibit compressibility. An example of this is the oxygen tanks in hospitals that contain stored and compressed oxygen gas. Diffusibility Compressibility Figure 2.12. Examples of the special properties of gases WHAT TO DO Accomplish the following as a group. 1. With the approval or supervision of your teacher, perform one (or all) of the following scientific investigations about the properties of matter. You are then expected to design your own investigation using the list of materials indicated as your clues. A. Investigation 1: Prove that all types of matter have mass. Materials and Equipment: Two solid objects, balloon, ice container, water, beaker, digital scale, and clear and hole-free plastic bags B. Investigation 2: Prove that solid materials have a higher density than gases. Materials and Equipment: A handful of pebbles or rocks, a graduated cylinder, water, a container or basin, and a balloon C. Investigation 3: Prove that water may have different temperatures depending on its state of matter. Materials and Equipment: Water, laboratory-grade mercury thermometer, beaker, alcohol lamp, matches, wire gauze, and tripod Make an exam using the lesson text tell the answer every after question dont put long answers.